Causes and Risks:

This disorder is more prevalent in boys than girls and is found in some studies to be as high as 20% of the school age population, though this may be over inflated due to economic, cultural, and racial biases. The onset typically begins by age 8. The cause of this disorder is unknown, and may be due to a combination of biology and parenting or environmental factors.

Symptoms:

• arguing with adults
• loss of temper
• angry and resentful of others
• actively defy adults’ requests
• negativism
• blames others for their own mistakes
• is touchy or easily annoyed
• loss of friendship or trouble in school

Signs and Tests:

Evaluation by a psychiatrist or psychologist may be recommended. This disorder often runs with, but needs to be separated from, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as the treatments are different.

Treatment:

The best treatment for the child is individual psychotherapy. The parents should also learn behavioral management skills. Medications can also be helpful.

Prognosis: The outcome varies. Some children respond well to treatment.

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have any concerns about your child’s development or behavior.